Harvesting linden in the village of Bogorodskoye is a continuous process. After all, in order for high-quality blanks to come out of the trunk, the linden tree must dry in natural conditions for at least four years. That is why, after initial processing, linden trunks are put into huts or stacks and left for several years in special hangars.
The dried tree is sent for logging. On a lathe or by hand, with an ax, craftsmen outline the most general contours of the future toy, cutting out or sawing out the workpiece according to a template. Then the product is processed with a chisel and a special knife, the so-called “pike”, which are made especially for Bogorodsk carvings by hereditary village craftsmen.
The cut and carefully processed parts of the future movable wooden toy are sanded, then the rough edges are polished, making the wood absolutely smooth and velvety to the touch. The resulting parts are assembled into a moving composition, painted by hand if necessary, and several layers of varnish are applied.
The symbol of the craft is moving wooden toys.
The Bogorodsk craft of wooden carved toys is akin to Sergievo Posad. Carving school The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is the ancestor for both of these crafts and known since the 15th century. In the 18th century, fishing was a seasonal peasant production. From November to early April, as a rule, there is no work in the village, so in order to somehow occupy themselves and earn some money, the men took up knives and cut wooden toys from linden. They took finished products to Sergiev Posad to sell them.
By the middle of the 19th century, Bogorodsk carving became an independent handicraft that gained Russian and then world fame.
Gradually, the Bogorodsk toy moved from the category of handicraft peasant crafts into the direction of folk art, acquiring its own unique features.
In 1913, the Bogorodsky Carver artel was organized in the village, which allowed the craftsmen to gain economic independence and bring samples of their craft to the international market. By this time, moving wooden toys had become a distinctive feature of the craft, which sharply distanced the artel from the neighboring Sergievo Posad, which retained the traditional Russian nesting doll as a symbol and the main operating model.
The symbol of the Bogorodsk craft, known throughout the world, has become the toy “Blacksmiths,” which consists of wooden figures of a man and a bear alternately hitting an anvil with hammers. Blacksmiths usually do not paint the pieces cut from light linden wood, but simply cover them with several layers of colorless varnish.
The price of urbanization is the decline of folk crafts.
By 1960, under the influence of the so-called fabrication of folk crafts, an artistic carving factory was created on the territory of the village of Borogodskoye. The disappearance of the artel organization of labor gradually alienated craftsmen from each other, depriving them of the simplicity of rural communication so necessary for the development of the craft. Under the yoke of the universally imposed principles of a planned economy, village traditions languished, and the development of the village territory with panel high-rise buildings, deforestation and demolition of ancient carved wooden buildings gradually brought to naught the harvesting and drying of wood, which led to the need to purchase expensive third-party raw materials. High energy prices aggravated the already increased production costs; the master carvers who moved to the upper floors of new buildings finally lost touch with both each other and with folk roots, and traditional sales markets became inaccessible, because the price of Bogorodsk toys increased greatly, and the quality Unfortunately, it left much to be desired.
Bogorodskaya toy from the manufacturer. High quality and reasonable price.
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In the Orthodox heart of Russia, not far from the city of Sergiev Posad, on a picturesque hill on the banks of the Kunya River, stands the village of Bogorodskoye - home to a wonderful folk craft of carved wooden toys and sculptures. Bogorodskoye is an ancient village. Already in the 15th - 16th centuries, local peasants, at that time serfs of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, laid the foundations for the artistic craft of woodworking that subsequently developed. The village has become one of the centers of folk art in the history of Russian applied art. Variegated wooden chickens on a stand, figures of blacksmiths, a man and a bear - pull the bar and they will knock with hammers on a small anvil. Funny toys, known in Rus' since time immemorial. Bogorodsk toys are traditionally made from soft wood - linden, aspen, alder, since soft wood is easier to work with.
Residents of the village of Bogorodskoe no longer remember which peasant carved the first wooden toy
A unique symbol of the “Bogorodsk style” is toy on a moving bar “Blacksmiths”, which is already more than 300 years old. Skillfully carved wooden figures of a man and a bear are struck in turn with hammers on the anvil; all you have to do is move the bar on which the funny figures are fixed. These simple, but always witty in design, devices make the toy lively, expressive and especially attractive. All you have to do is move the planks and quick work immediately begins. The figures move in a clear rhythm, and hammers knock on the anvil in time. AND toy "Chickens"- also a long-liver. Children played with it back in the times of Pushkin and Lermontov. The intricate “fun” with balance is based on the idea of rhythm, to which the child is naturally sensitive. It’s fun to watch how the chickens peck the painted grains in a strict order. Their mechanisms themselves are simple, but their actions are effective. Sound enhances the dynamics of the toy. A distinctive feature of the Bogorodsk toy is a bar, button or balance, with the help of which the toy begins to move, performing simple movements. As is the case with chickens that take turns pecking at the grains. The carvers took the plots of the first Bogorodsk toys from peasant life and folk tales, the main characters of which were a hard-working man, a simple-minded, trusting bear, domestic animals and birds. 
The names of the Bogorodsk toys speak for themselves: “The Peasant and the Hen,” “Tsar Dodon and the Star,” “The Cavalier and the Lady,” “How the Mice Buried the Cat,” “The Peasant Yard,” “Soldiers on Divorce,” “The Shepherd Boy.” Modern woodcarving masters still preserve the traditions of the “Bogorodsk style” of wooden moving toys, which has become an integral part of Russian culture.
Types of Bogorodsk toys according to the principle of action
Toys on slats. One of the most famous toys is Blacksmiths. This toy, which has become a sign of the Bogorodsk craft, has a simple but effective operating principle. The figures, sitting astride two parallel bars, alternately hit the anvil with hammers. They begin their friendly work by moving the planks in different directions. The figures are mounted on four axes, the role of which is played by wooden spikes or nails. Not only men with bears were put on the slats. Bogorodsk craftsmen made pecking birds by attaching them to twisted wires threaded through through holes on the slats. It turned out to be a fun, funny toy. Masters use the same principle of operation of a toy on two bars in a different way. On two identical horizontal strips, external round platforms with figures are mounted on spikes. When the planks move in different directions, the figures, together with the stands, rotate, imitating the work of mowers, the game of hockey players with sticks, a duet of dancers, etc.
Divorces- toys on parallel horizontal slats, interconnected by spikes that act as axes. Usually the planks are equipped with figures of soldiers, horsemen, Red Army soldiers, as well as animals with a shepherd, geese with a chaser. The nature of the movement and construction of the figures depends on the sequence with which the planks superimposed on each other are connected. If you spread the slats, the figures will suddenly stand in a semicircle or move apart in orderly rows; if you bring them together, they will close tightly into a combat detachment, gather under the shepherd’s tune into a heaped herd.
The most famous toy with a balance is “Chickens on a Circle” (or “Pecking Hens”). On a round platform with a handle there are turned figurines of birds with movable carved heads mounted on wires in the carcasses. Strong threads are glued into the bird's necks. When assembling the toy, the threads are lowered into the drilled holes, the platform is turned over, the threads are collected into a bundle and tied in a knot. Then the excess threads are cut off, and the remaining two are wound onto a nail and nailed to a wooden ball - a plumb line at a distance of 2-2.5 cm from the knot. All five connecting threads must be of equal length - this is a necessary condition for the correct assembly of the toy.
With this simple design you can manipulate the movement of the toy. If you pull the ball, all the chickens, led by the rooster, will raise their heads; if you lower them, all their beaks will hit the ground at once. Swinging the balance in different directions and spinning it in a circle, it is interesting to watch how the chickens “nod off.” The cheerful chatter of bird beaks forms a rhythmic sound series, which can also be controlled: faster and louder, slower and quieter. Such a toy is much more useful for a child than any fun with a mechanism hidden inside. The clarity of the action of toys with balance is their most valuable quality.
Bogorodsk craftsmen have come up with dozens of versions of toys with balance. Under the influence of balance, the bear brushes off a bee vibrating under its nose on a spring, and raises and lowers dumbbells. The birds flap and wave their wings as if they speak their own bird language, and the skier waves his stick, and the shoe-shine hedgehog polishes the hare's bast shoes. Under the action of the weight, the swing slowly swings.
Derguns. Twitch (from the word - twitch, grimace) - this is the name of toys whose moving parts are connected by threads. Sawed-off and cardboard painted jerks, clowns, and dolls came into fashion at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
Bogorodsk craftsmen used the device for intricate fun in their own way. Their carved toys are made much more thoroughly, which is reflected in the local, more serious name - jerks. The most popular Bogorodsk twitches are the dancing bear and the owl. Craftsmen cut the moving parts of toys separately, connecting them with threads. You pull the string, and the bear spreads its paws to the sides, as if dancing or showing its strength.
The twitching owl used to be a toy, then it turned into a hanger. The museum's twitching owl is an instructive example of artistic painting of a Bogorodsk toy. It has a now lost color and ornamental culture. The decor is fully consistent with the image addressed to the child: before us is a mysterious forest dweller, and not a bird, painted at random in colorful and bright colors.
other presentations about the toy
“Dymkovo toy for children” - Why the pottery settlement was called Dymkovo. What ornaments are used to decorate toys? Kargopol toys. Dymkovo toys. The shape of the Abashevo figurine. Masters of Kargopol. Ornaments. Abashevsky masters. Types of toys. Dimensions of figures. Kargopol toy. Painting with bright oil paints. Dymkovo. Filimonovskaya toy.
“Russian folk doll” - Why is a baby or doll called a doll. Martini dolls. Action plan. Kumokha with her sisters. Matryoshka. Birch bark doll. The baby was swaddled tightly. Granny dolls. What do we want to know? Grandma's doll. There are different kinds of dolls in the world. Russian folk doll. Pagan times. Play dolls. Pillar doll.
“Russian folk toy” - Educational value of the toy. Introducing preschool children to Russian folk culture. "Travel with a matryoshka doll." Drawing “Toys from Polkhov-Maidan”. Painting "Dymkovo duck". Drawing “Family of Semenov’s nesting dolls.” Formation of social qualities of the individual. Folk toys have always been associated with family traditions.
“Bogorodsk Toy” - In the 15th century, pilgrims brought horses and girls in kokoshniks from the Lavra. Which peasant carved the first wooden toy? Tradition. Bogorodsk toys. In the 19th century, nesting dolls began to be made in a workshop in the capital. Everyday themes occupied a strong place in the plots of Sergiev artisans. Bogorodsk peasants.
“Filimonovskaya folk toy” - Filimonovskaya toy is a Russian artistic craft that was formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. Filimonovskaya toy. The oldest folk art craft in Russia. It got its name from the village of Filimonovo, where the last craftswomen who revived the forgotten craft lived in the 1960s.
“Painting of the Dymkovo toy” - On the banks of the Vyatka River there is a village - Dymkovskaya Sloboda. The spruce trees sleep by the highway in the gray frost. Making Dymkovo toys today. The patterns are very simple. There is a settlement on Vyatka. Artistic word. Dymkovo toys. Dymkovo turkey is good. Story. The Dymkovo young lady walks slowly. Decorate the horse. Whitening with chalk soil.
Svetlana Mezentseva
GCD theme: « Bogorodsk toys»
Mezentseva Svetlana Viktorovna
Program: "From birth to school" edited by N. E. Veraksa, T. S. Komarova, M. A. Vasilyeva.
Integration of educational regions: social and communicative development, cognitive development, speech development, artistic and aesthetic development, physical development.
Children's age: 4 years (middle group).
GCD theme: « Bogorodsk toys» .
Target: formation of children's knowledge about Bogorodskaya toy.
Tasks:
Educational:
Introduce students to Bogorodsk folk toy– as a work of Russian folk art.
Draw children's attention to toy, promote understanding of its content.
Teach to see the beauty of wood Bogorodsk toys, her entertainingness.
Developmental:
Develop interest in folk toy, to the past.
Develop the ability to distinguish Bogorodsk toys.
Educational:
Cultivate a caring attitude towards toy, interest in its production, in folk craftsmen - masters - wood carvers.
Create conditions for the formation of emotional responsiveness to the means of artistic expression.
To encourage children to gain positive emotional impressions from playing together with folk toys.
Planned results: children get to know Bogorodsk toys; get acquainted with the history of the fishery (with how folk craftsmen made them, from what types of wood); get pleasure and positive emotions from playing with Bogorodsk toys.
Form of organization: group.
GCD form: joint activity, game exercises, story game, games to music, joint action.
Preliminary work: Exhibition organization "Russian traditional toy» , solving riddles about toys.
Dictionary of new words: toy craft, merchant.
Equipment and materials:
Demonstration teaching material
Bogorodsk toys: pinocchio pinocchio, parsley, bull-gurney, bird conversation, whistles.
Painted illustrations.
Handout:
Bogorodsk toys.
Teacher: Hello guys! Look carefully what toys lie in front of you?
Children: Beautiful painted toys.
Teacher: What are they made of?
Children: Made of wood.
Teacher: Absolutely right! These toys made of wood, since ancient times, village artisans Bogorodskoye They were cut out of soft wood with a knife - alder, linden, aspen. They say that a peasant family lived in a small village. They were poor people and had many children. The mother decided to amuse the children and make them a doll. I sewed it from fabric, but after a few days the children tore it toy. She wove it out of straw, but by evening the doll fell apart. Then the woman took a sliver of wood and cut it out wooden toy, and the children nicknamed her Auka. The boys played for a long time toy, and then they got bored with the doll. And her father took her to the fair. There was a merchant there, a man who comes to buy things at the fair. To the merchant the toy seemed interesting, and ordered the peasant to make many of these toys. Since then, they say, most of the village residents Bogorodskoe and took up the “toy” craft, that is, to make wooden toys.
Teacher: What's unusual about these toys?
Children: They are not like ours toys, made of wood.
Teacher: Let's take a little closer look Bogorodtsky toys.
The teacher demonstrates pecking chickens.
The cockerel will perk up.
There's a knock and a knock on the board.
Along with the chickens, knock-knock.
Never get tired.
Chickens peck the grains,
But they don’t carry eggs.
That's how strange
Wooden chickens!
Children: considering toys.
Teacher: But guys, twitch toys. These arms and legs toys are attached with strings, if you pull them, toys"come to life" and begin to dance fervently.
Children: Very interesting toys.
Teacher: Yes guys Bogorodsk toys are good, funny, "alive".
Teacher: Guys, let's remember the poem by Agnia Barto "Bull".
Children: The bull goes, swings, sighs at on the go:
“Oh, the board is ending, Now I’m going to fall.”.
Teacher: Look carefully at this Bogorodskaya toy. They call it the Bychok gurney. The truth is like a character from a poem!
Children: Very!
Teacher: Folk craftsmen also made everyone’s favorite whistles in the same way.
Teacher: Guys, let's play with you game"Folk Shop" toys» . For the seller to sell you some toy, you need to describe it, name its distinctive features. You have to guess her "salesman". Try not only to describe correctly in words toy, but also to be polite customers. Buyers can play with Bogorodsk toys.
Children are divided into two teams: sellers and buyers. Buyers describe the building toys, the colors that the toy is painted, the sellers guess and let you play.
A melody plays during the game "Russian hut"
(E. Ptichkin - M. Plyatskovsky).
Teacher: Guys, you are so great. We played with respect for each other game. Did you like playing with folk toys?
Children: Very!
Teacher: What is the name of the village where the folk craftsmen make these toys?
Children: Village Bogorodskoye.
Teacher: Right. What types of wood are they made from? Bogorodsk toys?
Children: From soft, toys are cut out with a knife.
Teacher: Is our the lesson has come to an end and you guys can play Bogorodsk toys.
Motley wooden chickens on a stand, figures of blacksmiths, a man and a bear - pull the bar and they will knock with hammers on a small anvil... Funny toys, known in Rus' since time immemorial, have become the main folk craft for residents of the village of Bogorodskoye near Moscow.
The ancient village of Bogorodskoye is located 25 km from Sergiev Posad, near Moscow. Folk crafts arose under the influence of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery - one of the largest centers of artistic crafts in Moscow Rus'
Already in the 15th - 16th centuries, Bogorodsk peasants, at that time monastery serfs, laid the foundations for the artistic craft of woodworking that subsequently developed. The village has become one of the centers of folk art in the history of Russian applied art.
The history of the Bogorodsk toy begins with a legend. They say that in a small village near modern Sergiev Posad there lived a peasant family. They were poor people and had many children. The mother decided to amuse the children and make them a doll. I sewed it from fabric, but after a few days the children tore the toy. She wove it out of straw, but by evening the doll fell apart. Then the woman took a sliver and carved a toy out of wood, and the children called her Auka. The children had fun for a long time, and then they got bored with the doll. And her father took her to the fair. There was a merchant there who found the toy interesting and ordered a whole batch from the peasant. Since then, they say, most residents of the village of Bogorodskoye have taken up the “toy” craft.
Folk craftsmen in the village of Bogorodskoye, Moscow region, create wooden carved toys, which, like clay ones, belong to folk plastic arts.
Traditional Bogorodsk toys are unpainted figures of people, animals and birds made of linden, compositions from the life of a Russian peasant.
The most famous Bogorodsk subject is the blacksmiths. They are everywhere - on the factory gates and even on the facades of houses. The Blacksmiths toy is over 300 years old. All you have to do is move the planks and quick work immediately begins. The figures move in a clear rhythm, and hammers knock on the anvil in time.
Folk craftsmen, working with primitive tools, were able to create truthful, realistic images of the surrounding reality from wood.
Main difference Bogorodskaya wooden toy - chip carving (wood is pinched off in small pieces).
It is this that creates a textured surface similar to animal fur. Smooth surfaces are treated with fine sandpaper.
Most toys are moving, and each type of movement has its own name. Toys with movement are especially interesting: on bars, with a balance, with a button. These simple, but always witty in design, devices make the toy lively, expressive and especially attractive.
Divorce (planks are separated)
Balance.K The balance ball rotates and the toy performs some actions.
Button toy. We press the button and it moves.
Craftsmen carved linden figures of animals and people from folk life, fables and fairy tales.
The most traditional dolls made in Bogorodskoye were ladies and hussars, nannies, nurses with children, soldiers, shepherdesses, and men.
The toys reflect almost all stages of the country's development.
Bogorodsk toys are made not only for children's fun, but also for decorating homes and for comfort.
In 1923, the craftsmen united into the Bogorodsky Carver artel and a vocational school was opened, training new cadres of masters of artistic wood carving.
In 1960, on the eve of the 300th anniversary of the birth of folk crafts, the artel was transformed into an artistic carving factory.
They say that during the Great Patriotic War, famous carvers were recalled from the front because the Bogorodsk toy was exported to the USA in exchange for weapons.
Nowadays, many toys are turned on lathes and painted by hand.
Wooden toys are considered one of the most useful for the development of a child’s fine motor skills. In addition, they can be chewed, even painted, because they are coated with a special oil varnish. It must be said that many adults “fall into childhood” at the sight of moving figures!
Bogorodsk toys can be found in stores, museums, exhibitions, and in many homes not only in our cities, but also abroad.
Orthodox masters are known far beyond the Moscow region - miracle workers N. I. Maksimov, V. V. Yurov, S. Badaev, M. A. Pronin, A. Ya. Chushkin, A. A. Ryzhov, I. K. Stulov and other.
Bogorodsk master artists - participants in numerous exhibitions; their works were awarded gold medals at world exhibitions in Paris, New York, and Brussels.
The toy “The Peasant and the Hen” is in the Historical Museum of Moscow, the composition “How the Mice Buried the Cat” is in the Folk Art Museum, the toy “The Cavalier and the Lady”, “Tsar Dodon and the Star” is in the Russian Regional Museum of Local Lore. There are also toys in the Sergiev Posad Museum-Reserve.
Modern Bogorodsk carvings are diverse in subjects and forms of artistic expression. It organically enters into artistic culture, preserving the ancient traditions of the craft.
The Bogorodsk wooden toy is not only an interesting souvenir, but also an excellent toy for a child: it develops the hand, awakens imagination, and the material is safe.
The French sculptor Auguste Rodin, seeing the Bogorodsk toy, said: The people who created this toy are a great people.