Headdress to the mantle. Square academic cap

At the moment, referees rarely use hats. In our country, the only element of judicial affiliation is considered to be a mantle. However, for a very significant amount of time, the judge had a wig on his head. And graduates of law schools to this day put on a square academic cap.

What is the name of the referee's hat?

If we go back in time, we can say with confidence that the most common headdress was a wig. The history of this headdress is very interesting. It was first worn in 1620 by Bishop Louis Barbier, and a few years later the popularity of wigs acquired simply phenomenal volumes. At the same time, for the first time such a headdress was used in a judge in England;
In our country, a wig was used as the main element of belonging to the judiciary. However, the relevance of this attribute very quickly disappeared, with the intensity of the development of our society;
In different countries of the world, different, and, at times, very interesting headdresses were used. Most often, black and red colors were used in the design. But, in fact, today more and more clothes of judges are simplified, and hats are still worn only in some countries.

How do judges dress?

Today in our country, the main element of a judge is considered to be a specialized judicial gown. Paragraph 5 of the “Instructions on the procedure for issuing gowns to judges of courts of general jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, the norms and terms for wearing them” of the Russian Federation dated January 25, 1999 No. 5 clearly defines that the gown is issued to judges by the state, and it is a necessary and important attribute of holding court hearings.

It is quite obvious that the history of the emergence of such a tradition is rather contradictory. And many stories are happy to defend their own opinion on this issue. However, one thing is clear that the mantle is a symbol of a kind of solemnity and a symbol of respect. Many modern people identify it with the mantle of monks, which speaks of the rejection of everything worldly, of spiritual purity. How would a very symbolic comparison. After all, the judge in fact must be pure in heart, and must make decisions solely on the merits of the case, on the basis of the arguments, evidence and testimony.

At the same time, many lawyers pay attention to the fact that the judicial robe is a kind of symbol of state power. It is this symbol that is the basis for reminding judges that they make the law on behalf of the state. It is designed to remind of all the rights and obligations that are assigned to a judge. The mantle of the judge, in principle, hides everything human - the brightness and originality of the personality, colored clothes, etc., that is, as if recognizing that the judge is, first of all, the arbiter of justice, and he cannot give in to human emotions and passions.

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How to make a graduate hat - a confederate hat with your own hands

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Graduation at an educational institution is a wonderful holiday that is associated with the beginning of a new life. One of his main attributes is a confederate hat. This is a square hat with a tassel. It emphasizes the solemnity of the moment and is a symbol of academic achievement. Graduates who need such a product can buy a confederate in the online store or do it yourself. We want to talk about the second option in more detail.

Graduation Square Cap - History

An academic cap is a headdress that consists of a horizontal board and a tassel. It is used in conjunction with the mantle. Initially, square hats were common in educational institutions with the British model of education. Today they are used in our country.

The Confederate hat in English is called the Square academic cap. It is also called the master's cap and bonet. There is an opinion that the cap worn by the professor and graduate comes from a liturgical biretta. This is a headdress of Catholic priests, made in the form of a square hat with a pompom on top.

Initially, the confederate was intended for holders of a master's degree. Later, bachelors and students began to use it. But in the United States, schoolchildren put on a hat when they receive diplomas.

An important element of the hat is the tassel. After graduation, it is transferred to the other side. In some cases, the brush is supplemented with an honorary inscription in Latin.

You don't need any special skills to solve this problem. To make an academic cap, you will need a diagram and a set of materials. These include black cardboard, PVA glue, a pencil, scissors, and a ruler. You also need a cord and floss thread. Their color depends on the type of discipline. For example, in journalism, a crimson brush is used, in pharmacology - dark green, in social sciences - gold.

A cap for a graduate is made in several stages:

we take two sheets of cardboard and cut out squares of 20 × 20 cm from them. Then we glue them together. If the cardboard is two-color, then one piece is needed;
we take another sheet of cardboard and cut out strips of 10 × 30 cm in size from it. After that, we glue the strips along the short edge. The length of the part obtained depends on the girth of the head, which must first be determined using a centimeter tape;
on the strip we retreat from the edge of 3 centimeters and draw a line along the entire length. Then we make hatching with a distance of 2 cm;
at the next stage, it is necessary to cut all the lines and bend the resulting strips inward;
we take the workpiece in our hands and glue the ends so that we get a cylinder;
at the final stage, you need to glue the previously prepared square to the cylinder.

A cap for a graduate of a higher educational institution is almost ready. Now you need to make a brush. To do this, cut the floss threads of 10 cm and tie them in the middle. After that, the resulting brush is wrapped with threads near the fold. The product is attached to the cord.

It remains to attach the tassel to the Confederate hat. To solve this problem, a hole is made in the center of the square and a cord is placed there. From the inside, a knot is made on it. All. The product is ready. For him, you needed a pattern and a little time.

The cap is made not only from cardboard. Available . For this purpose, a pattern and fabric (for example, gabardine or satin) are used. Sewing a cap with your own hands is more difficult. This requires practical skills. Therefore, it is better to buy a finished product or make it out of cardboard!

Many graduates of schools or universities around the world put on a special uniform for graduation. This is a square academic cap and a loose raincoat-hoodie. This outfit acts as a uniform, all pupils and students look the same. In different countries, a hat with a square base is called differently. For example, in Australia it is called trench, angular. In England it is often called Oxford.

What is the name of the academic cap with a cloak-mantle in the USA? cap and down. The origin of this headdress is compared by some with the ancient biretta of Catholic clergy. Others believe that the origin of this has Turkish roots. They wore yarmulkes with the Koran tied on top.

Previously, only representatives of the highest caste - masters - wore an academic cap. Now all students wear it. Many schools have begun to imitate the tradition and wear items such as a cape and cap, even for elementary school students to graduate.

In the article, we will consider how to make an academic cap with your own hands, what is needed for this, what parts this headdress consists of.

Components of a hat

The simplest version of the product includes the following elements:

headband that is worn on the head. It can be rectangular or with a triangular bend on the forehead;
square top surface;
a tassel made of yellow or red yarn;
thin ribbon, on which, in fact, the brush is attached to a square base.

Making an academic hat with your own hands consists of cutting out the elements and connecting them together.

How to make a bezel

The first option for making the rim of an academic cap is to cut out a black rectangle. It is better to take thick cardboard. If you did not find exactly the black sheet, then you can take any other one and then paint it black with paints. This version of the manufacture of the rim, in addition to the rectangle itself, also has an additional height for cutting fasteners. This is a strip 2 cm high, which is cut into separate segments, the corners of each of them are cut off.

This is necessary so that it is convenient to attach the square base of the academic cap. Before cutting with a flexible meter, you need to measure the circumference of the head and add a couple of centimeters to the hem of the paper. You can fasten the ends with both PVA glue and a paper clip using a stapler.

Another way

You can make the rim of an academic cap by another method. The circumference of the head is measured and a strip of paper 10 cm wide is cut out according to the measurements. Do not forget to add a couple of centimeters to the hem. When connecting the parts together, in this case, you can use separate thin strips of paper or attach the base to the adhesive tape from the inside so that the fasteners are not visible from the outside.

It is also possible, when cutting out a square base from two parts, to make strips for fasteners on the bottom. But we will consider this later in the article.

How to create a dense square base

It is best to make it from two parts. The lower part is a square in which a hole with the diameter of the prepared rim is cut. It is also necessary to reduce it by about 1.5 cm. This circle is first cut out with scissors, then it is cut into separate segments and corners are cut from each side on one side and on the other. Then all the details are bent inward.

To connect the rim and the square base, you need to smear these strips curved inward with PVA glue and attach them to the inside of the rim. Then a second similar square warping is cut out and attached to the first one with a hole. As a result, not a single fastening will be visible and the square base will be firmly attached to the rim.

Making a brush

A tassel must be present on the academic cap. It is mainly made from threads of yellow or red yarn. How to make a brush is clearly visible in the photo below.

You need to cut a piece of cardboard of the right size. Then tightly wind many turns around this warp. From above, the end of the thread is threaded under the turns of yarn with a needle and a strong double knot is tied. The cardboard is taken out, and the upper part is wrapped with thread several times. After tying, the knot with the end of the thread is pulled through the inside of the tassel from top to outside. You can then attach the product to the academic cap directly to this end.

Scissors are inserted into the inner part of the turns of yarn and a cut is made with the tension of the threads down. If the edges are not quite even, then the irregularities are carefully cut off with scissors.

How to attach a brush to a square base

When a square is cut out for a hat, it is advisable to immediately determine and indicate the center point before gluing it. For this, diagonals are drawn under the ruler, connecting opposite corners with a simple pencil. The point where these two lines intersect will be the center of the square.

To attach the brush, you need to make a hole in the marked center with an awl. Crafts from threads can be attached both to the end of the yarn and to a thin satin ribbon. It is threaded into the hole from the inside and tied with a knot. It is better to make it double so that the tape does not come out through the hole. Outside, the tape is pushed into the inside of the brush with a needle with a wide eye and a knot is tied.

If the tassel is attached simply to the end of the thread, then it can be strengthened by making turns in several layers of yarn. A braided pigtail of threads will look beautiful.

As you can see, making an academic hat is not difficult at all. If desired, all elements can be sheathed with black fabric on both sides. Then the parts are simply sewn together with a needle and thread.

Watching Western youth films, we can often see that students who have graduated from a higher educational institution are dressed in a black robe and an interesting square hat with a tassel, which are often thrown into the sky, at graduation. Where did this headdress come from and what is its name? Are there any traditions associated with this hat? We'll find out now.

There are several names for the graduate cap, it all depends on the country in which they talk about it. So, for example, Australian students call it a trench or angular cap. The British are sure that its appearance is connected with Oxford University, more precisely, they know that the hat appeared earlier, but it was the Oxford professors who proposed to return the tradition of wearing a special attire, consisting of a mantle, a scarf and a special sharp-angled square cap with a tassel.

That is why in England the hat bears the same name of the university, that is, Oxford. In France, this cap is called a bonet, but, translated from French, any headdress can be called that, so most Europeans do not consider this name appropriate.

In Russia, the name of a square academic cap or a master's cap was assigned to it. But, unfortunately, most Russian higher educational institutions do not support the tradition of such a uniform among their students.

Where did she come from?

There is an opinion that the square academic cap originated from the traditional headdress of Latin priests, called biretta. Caps were red and sometimes black and were required to be worn by the Catholic clergy. Red color in those days was recognized as a symbol of royal power, so only noble Italians could wear birettes of this color.

Black hats were intended for scientists and people who devoted themselves to art. Muslim traditions also influenced the academic cap. Madrasah graduates wore a square hat. This form was invented so that the Koran could be placed on it. In this way, scientists showed others that they had learned all the laws of the Koran and completely mastered it.

However, another opinion takes us to Poland. Since 1768, the Polish military wore a square cap. The headdress had no visor, and the top was decorated with a tassel. He called himself a Confederate.. Prestigious institutions such as Cambridge and Oxford are descended from church schools, for which reason students are required to wear monastic attire. Initially, these clothes were worn daily, but soon acquired a special meaning.

The four-sided cap became a sign of an academic degree and the level of knowledge gained. That is only those students and teachers who had special merits to the university could wear it.

What are the hats?

Initially, the square academic cap had two colors: red and black. As we have already said, the scarlet headdress was intended for noble gentlemen and priests, and the black headdress was for persons occupying an honorable place in society, but without any title. So, for example, black birettas were worn by doctors, professors, musicians, sculptors or artists. Now too there is a certain tint classification of these square hats, but more extended.

Confederates vary in color depending on the field that the student is mastering:

white color - history, art, literature;
gray - veterinary;
blue - jurisprudence, philosophy, politics;
yellow - mathematics, physics;
bright yellow tint - agriculture;
dark green color - foreign languages;
light green - pharmaceuticals;
red - economy; business administration, business;
purple color - architecture;
blue tint - pedagogy, theology;
pink color - music;
orange - military science, tactics;
brown - theatrical art.

Not only a certain shade of the cap could be responsible for the area under study. Sometimes all the vestments were made in a single scale. But more often, the cap and mantle are sewn from black fabric, and the tassel on the confederate and the scarf are made in the color that corresponds to the education received.

A little about the traditions associated with it

Only since the 1990s has the square academic cap become the main headwear for students who have graduated from a higher educational institution. Moreover, only state universities gave out these clothes, this practice has never been in private schools. The owner's name was embroidered on the inside of each hat. And this is connected with one interesting tradition.

After receiving a diploma of higher education, students gathered in front of the university and at the same time tossed their hats up, thus paying tribute to the school for the knowledge gained. After that, everyone could find their headdress by the name embroidered on it.

Not only the hat matters, but also the tassel that adorns it.. After all, it is located there for a reason. The brush has an unusual name liripip. Students should wear it on the right side of the confederate shirt, and those who have already passed all the exams and are waiting for their diploma - on the left side. Sometimes, from right to left, the liripip is thrown precisely at the presentation of a diploma. In some educational institutions, students of excellent students have brushes not black, but red or gold, in addition, they are 10-12 cm longer than the standard liripip.

Name

In English, the names square academic cap, oxford cap ("Oxford", after the name of the university), mortarboard (because of the similarity with the board - English board - used by masons to hold lime - mortar) have stuck to this headdress. In Great Britain and the USA in combination with a mantle is called cap and gown. In Australia, this headdress is called a square (square), "trench" (trencher) or angular (corner) cap. The adjective "academic" is also used.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. she was called corner-cap, "angular cap" (catercap in the Marpreleit treatises).

In Russian, the name "square academic cap" is used, master's cap, Sometimes bonet(French bonnet "hat, cap") or the name of another headdress of a similar shape - confederates .

Origin

The academic cap is believed to have evolved from the biretta, a similarly shaped hat worn by Catholic clergy. In turn, the biretta is erected to the ancient Roman pileus quadratus, resembling a yarmulke with a square. She returned in the form of a cap of Bishop Andrews (Eng. Bishop Andrews cap) and is now associated with his name as well.

The Italian word biretta comes from beretto, derived from the words lat. birrus and Greek. pyrros representing the color red. Red (rarely black) conical berets, related to the ancient Etruscan tutulus and Roman Pileus, were used in the 14th and 15th centuries as a sign of scientists, students, artists, as well as learning and flourishing youth. Shape and color had meaning: red has long been considered a symbol of royal power, probably due to the difficulty of obtaining a dye or the color of blood, which had a great symbolic meaning of life and death - and meant power over life and death.

It is no coincidence that kapos (Renaissance mercenary captains) are often depicted wearing a red cap. By the end of the 15th century, the color of the Italian nobility also wore it - as a symbol of their military and civil power over the cities. At this time, Europe was changing under Italian influence.

It is possible that the traditions of Muslim madrasas also influenced the academic cap. According to rumors, graduates wore a yarmulke with the Koran fixed on it.

Initially, the academic cap was intended for holders of a master's degree (the highest in medieval academies), but was later adapted for both bachelors and students.

Options

Doctors at some universities wear academic caps, although Tudor bonnets are more common in the UK. The 4-, 6-, or 8-wedge tem is popular in the US, and the soft square tem is predominantly a women's replacement for the hard square traditional headdress.

In the United States, an academic cap is also worn by high school students during graduation.

In Finland and Sweden, the analogue of the square cap is the doctor's top hat.

Liripip tassel

In the US graduation ceremony, the side on which the tassel hangs can be important: sometimes, after receiving a diploma, it is transferred from the right side to the left.

In high school, the tassel usually has either the school's main color, or a combination of that color with three. Sometimes, as a mark of distinction, the tassel has a special color (for example, gold) and is worn with an honorary inscription in Latin (for example, cum laude).

US universities may use black or school color tassels, usually for higher degrees.

For a bachelor's degree, the tassel may be colored other than the traditional black or school color to represent the field in which the wearer was educated. In 1896, most colleges and universities in the United States adopted a uniform code of academic dress. The tassel can be decorated with a keychain in the form of numbers of the year of issue.

A mourning cap is worn with mourning ribbons and a mourning robe. The hood is not worn, as it is considered part of the festive attire.

Notes

Sources

Goff P. University of London Academic Dress. - London: University of London Press, 1999