In the last century, various scientists have put forward several assumptions about the Earth's magnetic field. According to one of them, the field appears as a result of the rotation of the planet around its axis.
It is based on the curious Barnet-Einstein effect, which lies in the fact that when any body rotates, a magnetic field arises. The atoms in this effect have their own magnetic moment, as they rotate around their own axis. This is how the Earth's magnetic field appears. However, this hypothesis did not withstand experimental tests. It turned out that the magnetic field obtained in such a non-trivial way is several million times weaker than the real one.
Another hypothesis is based on the appearance of a magnetic field due to the circular motion of charged particles (electrons) on the surface of the planet. She, too, was incompetent. The movement of electrons can cause the appearance of a very weak field, moreover, this hypothesis does not explain the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. It is known that the north magnetic pole does not coincide with the north geographical.
Solar wind and mantle currents
The mechanism of formation of the magnetic field of the Earth and other planets of the solar system is not fully understood and so far remains a mystery to scientists. However, one proposed hypothesis does a pretty good job of explaining the inversion and magnitude of the real field induction. It is based on the work of the internal currents of the Earth and the solar wind.
The internal currents of the Earth flow in the mantle, which consists of substances with very good conductivity. The core is the current source. Energy from the core to the earth's surface is transferred by convection. Thus, in the mantle there is a constant movement of matter, which forms a magnetic field according to the well-known law of motion of charged particles. If we associate its appearance only with internal currents, it turns out that all planets whose direction of rotation coincides with the direction of rotation of the Earth must have an identical magnetic field. However, it is not. Jupiter's north geographic pole coincides with the north magnetic.
Not only internal currents are involved in the formation of the Earth's magnetic field. It has long been known that it reacts to the solar wind, a stream of high-energy particles coming from the Sun as a result of reactions occurring on its surface.
The solar wind by its nature is an electric current (the movement of charged particles). Entrained by the rotation of the Earth, it creates a circular current, which leads to the appearance of the Earth's magnetic field.
The earth as a whole is a huge spherical magnet. The Earth's magnetic field is of intraterrestrial origin. The Earth's core is liquid and made of iron; circular currents circulate in it, which generate the earth's magnetic field: around the currents there is always a magnetic field. It is not symmetrical.
The magnetic and geographic poles of the Earth do not coincide with each other. The south magnetic pole $S$ is located near the geographic north pole near the northern shore of Lake Victoria (Canada). The north magnetic pole $N$ is located near the geographic south pole near the coast of Antarctica. Earth's magnetic poles are moving (drifting).
The Earth's magnetic field does not remain constant, it experiences slow changes over time (the so-called century variations). In addition, after sufficiently large time intervals, changes in the location of the magnetic poles to the opposite ones can occur. (inversions). Over the past 30 million years, the average time between reversals has been 150,000 years.
But especially big changes can occur in Earth's magnetosphere. This region of near-Earth space, in which the Earth's magnetic field is concentrated, extends for a distance of 70–80 thousand km in the direction of the Sun and for many millions of kilometers in the opposite direction. The Earth's magnetosphere is invaded by many charged particles that are part of the solar wind (plasma flow of solar origin).
Particles of the solar wind, mainly protons and electrons, are captured by the Earth's magnetic field and are carried away along helical trajectories along the lines of force.
During an increase in solar activity, the intensity of the solar wind increases. At the same time, particles of the solar wind ionize the upper layers of the atmosphere in the northern latitudes (where the magnetic field lines are concentrated) and cause glows there - auroras.
In the Earth's magnetic field in rarefied air, oxygen atoms and nitrogen molecules usually glow like this. Earth's magnetic field protects its inhabitants from the solar wind!
Magnetic storms- these are significant changes in the Earth's magnetic field under the influence of an enhanced solar wind, as a result of flares on the Sun and the emissions of charged particle streams accompanying them.
Magnetic storms usually last from 6 to 12 hours, and then the characteristics of the earth's field return to their normal values again. But in such a short time, a magnetic storm has a strong impact on radio communications, telecommunication lines, humans, etc.
Mankind began to use the Earth's magnetic field a long time ago. Already at the beginning of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the compass (magnetic needle) is widely used in navigation.
In what place of the Earth is it absolutely impossible to trust the magnetic needle due to the fact that its northern end points to the south, and the southern end to the north? By placing the compass between the north magnetic and north geographic poles (closer to the magnetic), we will see that the north end of the arrow is directed towards the first, i.e. south, and the south end in the opposite direction, i.e. north.
The Earth's magnetic field serves many living organisms for orientation in space. Some marine bacteria are located in the bottom silt at a certain angle to the Earth's magnetic field lines, which is explained by the presence of small ferromagnetic particles in them. Flies and other insects land preferably in a direction across or along the magnetic lines of the Earth's magnetic field. For example, termites rest in such a way that they turn out to be heads in one direction: in some groups, parallel, in others, perpendicular to the lines of the magnetic field.
The magnetic field of the Earth also serves as a reference point for migratory birds. Recently, scientists have learned that birds have a small magnetic "compass" in the eye area - a tiny tissue field in which magnetite crystals are located, which have the ability to be magnetized in a magnetic field. Botanists have established the susceptibility of plants to magnetic fields. It turns out that a strong magnetic field affects the growth of plants.
In addition to our planet in our solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Mercury have a magnetic field.
"The probability of changing the Earth's magnetic poles in the near future. Research into the detailed physical causes of this process.
Somehow I watched a popular science film on this issue, shot 6-7 years ago.
It provided data on the appearance of an anomalous region in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean - a change in polarity and a weak tension. It seems like when satellites fly over this territory, they have to be turned off so that the electronics do not deteriorate.
Yes, and in time, it seems, how this process should occur.It also talked about plans by the European Space Agency to launch a series of satellites to study in detail the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. Maybe they have already published the data of this study, if the satellites were launched on this occasion?
The Earth's magnetic poles are part of our planet's magnetic (geomagnetic) field, which is generated by flows of molten iron and nickel surrounding the Earth's inner core (in other words, turbulent convection in the Earth's outer core generates a geomagnetic field). The behavior of the Earth's magnetic field is explained by the flow of liquid metals at the boundary of the earth's core with the mantle.
In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert in his book On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet, the Earth. presented the Earth as a giant permanent magnet, the axis of which does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the Earth (the angle between these axes is called magnetic declination).
In 1702, E. Halley creates the first magnetic maps of the Earth. The main reason for the presence of the Earth's magnetic field is that the Earth's core consists of red-hot iron (a good conductor of electrical currents that occur inside the Earth).
The Earth's magnetic field forms a magnetosphere extending for 70-80 thousand km in the direction of the Sun. It shields the Earth's surface, protects against the harmful effects of charged particles, high energies and cosmic rays, and determines the nature of the weather.
Back in 1635, Gellibrand established that the Earth's magnetic field was changing. Later it was found that there are permanent and short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
The reason for the constant change is the presence of mineral deposits. There are territories on Earth where its own magnetic field is strongly distorted by the occurrence of iron ores. For example, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, located in the Kursk region.
The reason for short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field is the action of the "solar wind", i.e. the action of a stream of charged particles ejected by the Sun. The magnetic field of this stream interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, and "magnetic storms" arise. The frequency and strength of magnetic storms is influenced by solar activity.
During the years of maximum solar activity (once every 11.5 years), such magnetic storms arise that radio communication is disrupted, and compass needles begin to “dance” unpredictably.
The result of the interaction of charged particles of the "solar wind" with the Earth's atmosphere in the northern latitudes is such a phenomenon as "polar lights".
The change of the Earth's magnetic poles (magnetic field inversion, English geomagnetic reversal) occurs every 11.5-12.5 thousand years. Other figures are also mentioned - 13,000 years and even 500 thousand years or more, and the last inversion occurred 780,000 years ago. Apparently, the polarity reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Field is a non-periodic phenomenon. Throughout the geological history of our planet, the earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.
The cycle of changing the poles of the Earth (associated with the planet Earth itself) can be attributed to global cycles (along with, for example, the cycle of fluctuation of the precession axis), which affects everything that happens on Earth...
A legitimate question arises: when to expect a change in the Earth's magnetic poles (an inversion of the planet's magnetic field), or a shift of the poles to a “critical” angle (according to some theories, to the equator)?..
The process of shifting the magnetic poles has been recorded for more than a century. The North and South magnetic poles (NMP and SMP) are constantly “migrating”, moving away from the geographic poles of the Earth (the “error” angle is now about 8 degrees in latitude for the NMP and 27 degrees for the SMP). By the way, it was found that the geographic poles of the Earth are also moving: the axis of the planet deviates at a speed of about 10 cm per year.
The north magnetic pole was first discovered in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved over considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.
The north magnetic pole of the Earth does not sit still. However, like the south. The northern one “wandered” across Arctic Canada for a long time, but since the 70s of the last century, its movement has acquired a clear direction. With a growing speed, now reaching 46 km per year, the pole rushed almost in a straight line into the Russian Arctic. According to the forecast of the Canadian Geomagnetic Service, by 2050 it will be in the area of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
The fact of the weakening of the Earth's magnetic field near the poles, which was established in 2002 by the French professor of geophysics Gauthier Hulot, indicates a quick change of poles. By the way, the Earth's magnetic field has weakened by almost 10% since it was first measured in the 30s of the 19th century. Fact: in 1989, the inhabitants of Quebec (Canada), as a result of the fact that the solar winds broke through a weak magnetic shield and caused severe breakdowns in electrical networks, were left without electricity for 9 hours.
From the school physics course, we know that an electric current heats the conductor through which it flows. In this case, the movement of charges will heat the ionosphere. Particles will penetrate into the neutral atmosphere, this will affect the wind system at an altitude of 200-400 km, and hence the climate as a whole. The shift of the magnetic pole will also affect the operation of the equipment. For example, in the middle latitudes during the summer months it will not be possible to use shortwave radio communications. The work of satellite navigation systems will also be disrupted, since they use ionospheric models that will not be applicable in the new conditions. Geophysicists also warn that the approach of the north magnetic pole will increase the induced induced currents in Russian power lines and power grids.
However, all this may not happen. The north magnetic pole can change direction or stop at any moment, and this cannot be foreseen. And for the South Pole, there is no forecast for 2050 at all. Until 1986, he moved very cheerfully, but then his speed dropped.
So, here are four facts that indicate an approaching or already begun reversal of the geomagnetic field:
1. Reduction over the past 2.5 thousand years of the intensity of the geomagnetic field;
2. Acceleration of the drop in field strength in recent decades;
3. Sharp acceleration of the displacement of the magnetic pole;
4. Features of the distribution of magnetic field lines, which becomes similar to the picture corresponding to the stage of preparation of the inversion.
There is an extensive discussion about the possible consequences of a reversal of the geomagnetic poles. There are various points of view - from quite optimistic to extremely disturbing. Optimists refer to the fact that hundreds of inversions have occurred in the geological history of the Earth, but it has not been possible to establish a connection between mass extinctions and natural disasters with these events. In addition, the biosphere has considerable adaptive capacity, and the inversion process can take quite a long time, so there is more than enough time to prepare for change.
The opposite point of view does not exclude the possibility that the inversion may occur during the lifetime of the next generations and turn out to be a catastrophe for human civilization. It must be said that this point of view is largely compromised by a large number of unscientific and simply anti-scientific statements. As an example, one can cite the opinion that during the inversion, human brains will experience a reboot, similar to what happens with computers, and the information contained in them will be completely erased. Despite such statements, the optimistic point of view is very superficial.
The modern world is far from what it was hundreds of thousands of years ago: man has created many problems that have made this world fragile, easily vulnerable and extremely unstable. There is reason to believe that the consequences of the inversion will indeed be truly catastrophic for world civilization. And the complete loss of the functionality of the World Wide Web due to the destruction of radio communication systems (and it will certainly come at the time of the loss of radiation belts) is just one example of a global catastrophe. For example, due to the destruction of radio communication systems, all satellites will fail.
An interesting aspect of the impact of geomagnetic inversion on our planet, associated with a change in the configuration of the magnetosphere, is considered in his recent works by Professor V.P. Shcherbakov from the Borok Geophysical Observatory. In the normal state, due to the fact that the axis of the geomagnetic dipole is oriented approximately along the axis of rotation of the Earth, the magnetosphere serves as an effective screen for high-energy fluxes of charged particles moving from the Sun. In the case of inversion, it is quite probable that a funnel is formed in the frontal subsolar part of the magnetosphere in the region of low latitudes, through which the solar plasma can reach the Earth's surface. Due to the rotation of the Earth in each specific place of low and partly temperate latitudes, this situation will be repeated every day for several hours. That is, a significant part of the planet's surface every 24 hours will experience a strong radiation shock.
However, scientists from NASA suggest that the assertion that the reversal of the poles can briefly deprive the Earth of a magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and other space hazards is wrong. However, the magnetic field may weaken or strengthen over time, but there is no indication that it can completely disappear. A weaker field will of course result in a slight increase in solar radiation on Earth, as well as beautiful auroras at lower latitudes. But nothing fatal will happen, and the dense atmosphere perfectly protects the Earth from dangerous solar particles.
Science proves that the reversal of the poles - from the point of view of the geological history of the Earth - is a common phenomenon that occurs gradually, over millennia.
The geographic poles are also constantly shifting across the surface of the Earth. But these shifts occur slowly and are natural. The axis of our planet, rotating like a top, describes a cone around the pole of the ecliptic with a period of about 26 thousand years, in accordance with the migration of geographical poles, gradual climatic changes also occur. They are caused mainly by the displacement of ocean currents that carry heat to the continents. Another thing is unexpected, sharp "tumbles" of the poles. But the rotating Earth is a gyroscope with a very impressive intrinsic moment of momentum, in other words, it is an inertial object. resisting attempts to change the characteristics of his movement. A sudden change in the inclination of the Earth's axis, and even more so its "somersault" cannot be caused by internal slow movements of magma or gravitational interaction with any passing space body.
Such an overturning moment can only occur during a tangential impact of an asteroid with a diameter of at least 1000 kilometers, approaching the Earth at a speed of 100 km/sec. The magnetic field of our planet, which is observed today, is very similar to that which would be created by a giant bar magnet placed in the center of the Earth, oriented along a north-south line. More precisely, it must be installed so that its North magnetic pole is directed to the South geographic pole, and the South magnetic pole is directed to the North geographic.
However, this situation is not permanent. Research over the past four hundred years has shown that the magnetic poles revolve around their geographic counterparts, shifting about twelve degrees every century. This value corresponds to the velocities of currents in the upper core of ten to thirty kilometers per year. In addition to the gradual shifts of the magnetic poles, approximately every five hundred thousand years, the Earth's magnetic poles change places. The study of the paleomagnetic characteristics of rocks of different ages allowed scientists to conclude that the time of such reversals of the magnetic poles took at least five thousand years. A complete surprise for scientists studying the life of the Earth were the results of an analysis of the magnetic properties of a lava flow about a kilometer thick, which erupted 16.2 million years ago and was recently found in the east of the Oregon desert.
Her research, led by Rob Cowie of the University of California at Santa Cruz and Michel Privota of the University of Montpelier, created a real sensation in geophysics. The obtained results of the magnetic properties of the volcanic rock objectively showed that the lower layer froze at one position of the pole, the core of the flow - when the pole moved, and, finally, the upper layer - at the opposite pole. And all this happened in thirteen days. The Oregon find suggests that the Earth's magnetic poles may change places not within a few thousand years, but in just two weeks. The last time it happened was about 780,000 years ago. But how does this threaten all of us? Now the magnetosphere envelops the Earth at an altitude of sixty thousand kilometers and serves as a kind of shield in the path of the solar wind. If there is a change of poles, then the magnetic field during the inversion will decrease by 80-90%. Such a drastic change will certainly affect various technical devices, the animal world and, of course, humans.
True, the inhabitants of the Earth should be somewhat reassured by the fact that during the change of the poles of the Sun, which occurred in March 2001, the disappearance of the magnetic field was not recorded.
Consequently, the complete disappearance of the protective layer of the Earth, most likely, will not happen. The reversal of the magnetic poles cannot become a global catastrophe. The very existence of life on Earth, which has experienced inversion many times, confirms this, although the absence of a magnetic field is an unfavorable factor for the animal world. This was clearly demonstrated by the experiments of American scientists, who built two experimental chambers back in the sixties. One of them was surrounded by a powerful metal screen, which reduced the strength of the earth's magnetic field hundreds of times. Earth conditions were preserved in the other chamber. They were placed mice and seeds of clover, wheat. A few months later, it turned out that the mice in the shielded chamber lost their hair faster and died earlier than the control ones. Their skin was thicker than that of the animals of the other group. And she, swelling, displaced the root sacs of the hair, which caused early baldness. Changes were also noted in plants in a non-magnetic chamber.
It will also be difficult for those representatives of the animal kingdom, for example, migratory birds, who have a kind of built-in compass and use magnetic poles for orientation. But, judging by the deposits, the mass extinction of species during the reversal of the magnetic poles did not occur before. It probably won't happen in the future either. Indeed, even despite the enormous speed of movement of the poles, the birds cannot keep up with them. Moreover, many animals, such as bees, navigate by the Sun, and marine migratory animals use more of the magnetic field of rocks on the ocean floor than the global one. Navigation systems, communication systems created by people, will be subjected to severe tests that can put them out of action. It will be very bad for numerous compasses - they will simply have to be thrown away. But with the reversal of the poles, there may also be “positive” effects - huge northern lights will be observed all over the Earth - however, for only two weeks.
Well, now a few theories of the mysteries of civilizations :-) Someone takes this quite seriously ...
According to another hypothesis, we live in a unique time: there is a change of poles on the Earth and a quantum transition of our planet to its twin, located in a parallel world of four-dimensional space, is taking place. The Higher Civilizations (HC), in order to reduce the consequences of the planetary catastrophe, carry out this transition smoothly in order to create favorable conditions for the emergence of a new branch of the Supercivilization of Godmanhood. Representatives of the EC believe that the old branch of Humanity is not intelligent, since over the past decades it could have destroyed all life on the planet at least five times if it were not for the timely intervention of the EC.
Today, among scientists, there is no consensus as to how long the process of reversal of poles can last. According to one version, this will take several thousand years, during which the Earth will be defenseless against solar radiation. According to another, it will take only a few weeks to change the poles. But the date of the Apocalypse, according to some scientists, is suggested to us by the ancient peoples of the Maya and the Atlanteans - 2050.
In 1996, the American popularizer of science S. Runcorn concluded that the axis of rotation moved more than once in the geological history of the Earth along with the magnetic field. He suggests that the last geomagnetic reversal occurred around 10,450 BC. e. This is what the Atlanteans, who survived after the flood, told us about, sending their message to the future. They knew about the regular periodic reversal of the Earth's polarity approximately every 12,500 years. If by 10450 BC. e. add 12,500 years, then again you get 2050 AD. e. - the year of the nearest giant natural cataclysm. Experts calculated this date in the course of unraveling the location of three Egyptian pyramids in the Nile Valley - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin.
Russian scientists believe that the wisest Atlanteans brought us to the knowledge of the periodic change in the polarity of the Earth's poles through the knowledge of the laws of precession, which are embedded in the location of these three pyramids. The Atlanteans, apparently, were completely sure that sometime in the distant future for them, a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth, and its representatives would rediscover the precessional laws.
According to one hypothesis, it was the Atlanteans who most likely led the construction of the three largest pyramids in the Nile Valley. All of them are built on the 30th degree of northern latitude and are oriented to the cardinal points. Each face of the structure faces north, south, west, or east. No other structure on Earth is known that would be so accurately oriented to the cardinal points with an error of only 0.015 degrees. Since the ancient builders achieved their goal, it means that they had the appropriate qualifications, knowledge, first-class equipment and instruments.
We go further. The pyramids are set on the cardinal points with a deviation of three minutes and six seconds from the meridian. And the numbers 30 and 36 are signs of the precession code! 30 degrees of the celestial horizon correspond to one sign of the Zodiac, 36 - the number of years for which the picture of the sky shifts by half a degree.
Scientists also established certain patterns and coincidences associated with the size of the pyramid, the angles of inclination of their internal galleries, the angle of increase of the spiral staircase of the DNA molecule, the twisted helix, etc., etc. Therefore, the scientists decided that the Atlanteans were all available to them ways pointed us to a strictly defined date, which coincided with an extremely rare astronomical phenomenon. It repeats once every 25,921 years. At that moment, the three stars of Orion's Belt were in their lowest precessional position above the horizon on the day of the vernal equinox. This is byo in 10450 BC. e. This is how the ancient sages intensively brought humanity to this date through mythological codes, through a map of a section of the starry sky, drawn in the Nile Valley with the help of three pyramids.
And in 1993, the Belgian scientist R. Buvell used the laws of precession. Through computer analysis, he revealed that the three largest Egyptian pyramids were installed on the ground in the same way as the three stars of Orion's Belt were located in the sky in 10,450 BC. e., when they were at the bottom, that is, the starting point of their precessional movement across the sky.
Modern geomagnetic studies have shown that around 10450 BC. e. there was an instant change in the polarity of the Earth's poles and the eye shifted 30 degrees relative to its axis of rotation. As a result, a planetary global instantaneous cataclysm occurred. Geomagnetic studies conducted in the late 1980s by American, British and Japanese scientists showed something else. These nightmarish cataclysms have been constantly occurring in the geological history of the Earth with a regularity of about 12,500 years! It is they, obviously, who killed the dinosaurs, and mammoths, and Atlantis.
The survivors of the previous flood in 10450 B.C. e. and the Atlanteans who sent us their message through the pyramids hoped very much that a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth long before the total horror and the end of the world. And maybe he will have time to prepare to meet the disaster fully armed. According to one of the hypotheses, their science failed to make a discovery about the obligatory “somersault” of the planet by 30 degrees at the time of the polarity reversal. As a result, all the continents of the Earth shifted exactly by 30 degrees and Atlantis found itself at the South Pole. And then all its population instantly froze, as mammoths instantly froze at the same moment on the other side of the planet. Only those representatives of a highly developed Atlantic civilization survived who were at that time on other continents of the planet in highlands. They were lucky to avoid the Flood. And so they decided to warn us, people of a distant future for them, that each change of poles is accompanied by a "tumble" of the planet and irreparable consequences.
In 1995, new additional studies were carried out using modern instruments designed specifically for this kind of research. Scientists managed to make the most important clarification in the forecast of the upcoming polarity reversal and more accurately indicate the date of the terrible event - 2030.
The American scientist G. Hancock calls the date of the universal end of the world even closer - 2012. He bases his assumption on one of the calendars of the South American Mayan civilization. According to the scientist, the calendar may have been inherited by the Indians from the Atlanteans.
So, according to the Mayan Long Count, our world is cyclically created and destroyed with a period of 13 baktuns (or approximately 5120 years). The current cycle began on August 11, 3113 BC. e. (0.0.0.0.0) and will end on December 21, 2012 AD. e. (13.0.0.0.0). The Maya believed that the end of the world would come on that day. And after that, according to them, the beginning of a new cycle and the beginning of a new World will come.
According to other paleomagnetologists, the change of the Earth's magnetic poles is about to happen. But not in the philistine sense - tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Some researchers call one thousand years, others - two thousand. That's when the End of the World will come, the Last Judgment, the Flood, which is described in the Apocalypse.
But mankind has already predicted the end of the world in 2000. And life still goes on - and it's beautiful!
sources
http://2012god.ru/forum/forum-37/topic-338/page-1/
http://www.planet-x.net.ua/earth/earth_priroda_polusa.html
http://paranormal-news.ru/news/2008-11-01-991
http://kosmosnov.blogspot.ru/2011/12/blog-post_07.html
http://kopilka-erudita.ru
CHAPTER 2
THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE EARTH,
ITS CHANGES IN SPACE AND TIME
Earth's magnetic field
The space where the action of the Earth's magnetic forces is detected is called the magnetic field. In the first approximation, the Earth's magnetic field can be considered as the field of a ball magnetized along an axis located at an angle of 11.5 0 to the Earth's rotation axis. The magnetic moment of the Earth is 8.3 10 22 Am 2 . A complex picture of the distribution of the geomagnetic field in the first approximation can be represented by a dipole field (eccentric, with a shift from the center of the Earth by approximately 436 km). The lines of force of the dipole exit the South Pole and enter the North Pole, forming loops closed at distances of up to ten Earth radii (Fig. 2.1).
Rice. 2.1. Field lines of a uniformly magnetized earth
The geomagnetic poles (the poles of a uniformly magnetized ball) and the magnetic poles define, respectively, the system of geomagnetic coordinates (geomagnetic latitude, geomagnetic meridian, geomagnetic equator).
Planet Earth is constantly in the flow of the solar wind, which is formed during the gas-dynamic expansion of the solar corona in interplanetary space under the influence of high temperatures. The solar wind, which is a continuous flow of plasma, consists mainly of protons and electrons propagating radially. Measurements made on satellites and rockets have shown that the interaction of the solar wind plasma with the geomagnetic field leads to the disruption of the dipole structure of the field from a distance of 3R s from the center of the Earth. The solar wind localizes the geomagnetic field in a limited volume of near-Earth space, "freezes" the magnetic field into the plasma. As it hits the geomagnetic field, the solar wind bends around it, forming a comet-like cavity in which the movement of charged particles is controlled by the Earth's magnetic field.
The cavity, inaccessible to the penetration of the solar wind, was called the Earth's magnetosphere. Schematically, the configuration of the magnetosphere and the spatial distribution of plasma, fields and currents in it are shown in Fig.2.2 /18/. The outer boundary of the magnetosphere is called the magnetopause. At the magnetopause of the magnetosphere, the dynamic pressure of the solar wind is balanced by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The solar wind compresses the Earth's magnetic field from the day side and carries away the geomagnetic field lines of the polar regions to the night side, forming the Earth's magnetic tail near the plane of the ecliptic with a length of at least 5 million km.
With typical solar wind parameters, the distance to the subsolar point of the magnetopause is 10 Rw. In rare cases, when the pressure of the solar wind drops to almost zero, the frontal point of the magnetopause shifts far towards the sun and the magnetic field becomes dipole to very large distances.
The magnetic field lines on the dayside are compressed by the pressure of the solar wind and are closed. In the vicinity of the frontal point on the magnetopause, the lines of force of the interplanetary magnetic field can connect with the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field, emerging from the polar regions. This process, called reconnection, is carried by the solar wind to the night side, reducing the flux of the magnetic field on the day side.
Fig.2.2. Schematic model of the magnetosphere
On the night side, the magnetic field lines stretch in the antisolar direction, forming the magnetotail. The field in the northern lobe of the tail is directed towards the Sun, in the southern lobe - in the opposite direction. Between the lobes, a pronounced neutral layer is formed, which is immersed in a plasma layer filled with rarefied plasma. The boundary between closed and open field lines is projected into emergency ovals, areas where auroras are most often observed.
On the part of the magnetopause facing the Sun, in the region of the magnetic poles, there are neutral points, around which there are funnel-shaped regions of a weak magnetic field, called polar cusps. Cusps are projected onto magnetic latitudes of the order of 70-80 o and are "windows" into the solar wind.
The sizes of these regions of the magnetopause are small, and particles of the solar wind plasma can almost freely penetrate along field lines into the ionosphere. Unlike other areas, cusps are areas where the ionosphere is exposed, so here, first of all, collisions of the magnetosphere with discontinuities and wave fronts in the solar wind occur here.
More than 90% of the volume of the magnetosphere is connected by magnetic field lines to the polar ionosphere, which is located at geomagnetic latitudes above 60°. Here, at high latitudes, where the lines of force are almost perpendicular to the Earth's surface, the effects of precipitation of charged particles from the magnetosphere are manifested. The depth of penetration of particles and the processes of their deceleration depend on the energy of the particles. Electrons penetrate up to a height of 100-70 km, causing ionization of the upper layers of the atmosphere and X-rays. Emergency glows, the so-called polar lights, are a colorful manifestation of complex processes occurring at great distances in the Earth's magnetosphere /20/.
When a solar plasma flow collides with the Earth's magnetic field, a shock wave propagating towards the flow is formed, the front of which from the Sun is localized on average at a distance of 13-14 Earth radii. The shock wave front is followed by a transition region 20 thousand km thick, where the magnetic field of the solar plasma becomes disordered, and the motion of its particles becomes chaotic. The transition zone is the boundary of the magnetosphere, which is called the magnetopause, it is located from the side of the Sun at a distance of 10-12 Earth radii. Streams of solar plasma particles flow around the magnetosphere and sharply distort the structure of its magnetic field at a considerable distance.
Approximately up to a distance of 3R h, the magnetic field is located close enough to the field of the magnetic dipole, the strength of this magnetic field decreases with height 1/ R h. Further, the magnetic field weakens more slowly than the dipole field, and its lines of force from the solar side are pressed against the Earth. The geomagnetic field lines emerging from the polar regions of the Earth are deflected by the solar wind to the night side of the Earth. There they form a "tail", or "plume", of the magnetosphere with a length of more than 5 million km. Beams of magnetic field lines of opposite direction are separated in the tail by a region of a very weak magnetic field (neutral layer), where hot plasma with a temperature of millions of degrees is concentrated.
Particles of the planet's plasma tail get into the night part along the field lines extending into the magnetotail. It is these particles that cause the auroras. The zone of their manifestation is a narrow oval strip. The center of the oval is shifted relative to the geomagnetic pole to the night side. The earth rotates about this oval in its daily motion. The size and position of the aurora oval are determined by the location and configuration of the magnetosphere and depend on solar activity. During periods of greatest solar activity, the aurora oval descends to lower latitudes.
To understand the concept of a magnetic field, you need to connect the imagination. The earth is a magnet with two poles. Of course, the size of this magnet is very different from the red-blue magnets familiar to people, but the essence remains the same. Magnetic field lines come out of the south and go into the ground at the north magnetic pole. These invisible lines, as if enveloping the planet with a shell, form the Earth's magnetosphere.
The magnetic poles are located relatively close to the geographic poles. Periodically, the magnetic poles change location - every year they move 15 kilometers.
This "shield" of the Earth is created inside the planet. The outer metallic liquid core generates electric currents due to the movement of the metal. These currents generate magnetic field lines.
Why do you need a magnetic shell? It holds the particles of the ionosphere, which in turn support the atmosphere. As you know, the layers of the atmosphere protect the planet from deadly cosmic ultraviolet radiation. The magnetosphere itself also protects the Earth from radiation by repelling the solar wind that carries it. If the Earth had not had a "magnetic shield", there would be no atmosphere, and life on the planet would not have arisen.
The meaning of the magnetic field in magic
Esotericists have long been interested in the earth's magnetosphere, believing that it can be used in magic. It has long been known that the magnetic field affects the magical abilities of a person: the stronger the influence of the field, the weaker the ability. Some practitioners use this information by influencing their enemies with magnets, which also reduce witchcraft power.
A person is able to sense a magnetic field. How and by what organs this happens is still unclear. However, some magicians who study human capabilities believe that this can be used. For example, many believe that it is possible to transfer thoughts and energy to each other by connecting to streams.
Also, practitioners believe that the magnetic field of the earth affects the human aura, making it more or less visible to clairvoyants. If you study this feature in more detail, you can learn to hide your aura from prying eyes, thereby strengthening your own protection.
Magic healers often use regular magnets in healing. This is called magnetotherapy. However, if it is possible to treat people with ordinary magnets, then the giant magnetosphere of the Earth can give even greater results in treatment. Perhaps there are already practitioners who have learned to use the general magnetic field for such purposes.
Another direction in which magnetic force is used is the search for people. By adjusting magnetic devices, the practitioner can use them to find the place where this or that person is located, without resorting to other measurements.
Bioenergetics also actively use magnetic waves for their own purposes. With its help, they can cleanse a person from damage and settlers, as well as cleanse his aura and karma. By strengthening or weakening the magnetic waves that bind all people on the planet, you can make love spells and lapels.
By influencing magnetic fluxes, it is possible to control the energy flows in the human body. So some practices can affect the psyche and brain activity of a person, inspire thoughts and become energy vampires.
However, the most important area of magic, in the development of which an understanding of the power inherent in the magnetic field will help, is levitation. The ability to fly and move objects through the air has long excited the minds of dreamers, but practitioners consider such skills to be quite probable. Proper appeal to natural forces, knowledge of the esoteric side of geomagnetic fields and a sufficient amount of forces can help magicians fully move in the air.
The electromagnetic field of the Earth also has one curious property. Many magicians assume that this is also the information field of the Earth, from which you can draw all the information you need to practice.
Magnetotherapy
A particularly interesting method of using the strength of magnetic fields in esotericism is magnetotherapy. Most often, such treatment occurs due to conventional magnets or magnetic devices. With their help, magicians treat people both from diseases of the physical body, and from a variety of magical negativity. Such treatment is considered extremely effective, as it shows a positive result even in advanced cases of the destructive effects of black magic.
The most common method of treatment with a magnet is associated with the perturbation of energy fields at the time of the collision of the magnet poles of the same name. Such a simple impact of magnetic waves of the biofield makes a person’s energy shake up sharply and begin to actively develop “immunity”: literally tear and push out the magical negativity. The same applies to diseases of the body and psyche, as well as karmic negativity: the power of the magnet can help cleanse the soul and body of any pollution. A magnet in its action is similar to an energetic for internal forces.
Only a few practitioners are able to use the forces of the vast earthly information field. If you learn how to work correctly with the energy-information field, you can achieve amazing results. Small magnets are extremely effective in esoteric practices, and the strength of the entire earthly magnet will give much greater opportunities for controlling forces.
Current state of the magnetic field
Realizing the significance of the geomagnetic field, one cannot but be horrified to learn that it is gradually disappearing. For the past 160 years, its power has been dwindling, and at a terrifyingly fast pace. So far, a person practically does not feel the influence of this process, but the moment when problems begin is getting closer every year.
The South Atlantic anomaly is the name given to a huge area of the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere, where the geomagnetic field is weakening most noticeably today. Nobody knows what caused this change. It is assumed that already in the 22nd century there will be another global change of magnetic poles. What this will lead to can be understood by studying the information about the value of the field.
The geomagnetic background is weakening unevenly today. If in general on the surface of the Earth it fell by 1-2%, then in the place of the anomaly - by 10%. Simultaneously with the decrease in the field strength, the ozone layer also disappears, due to which ozone holes appear.
Scientists do not yet know how to stop this process, and believe that with a decrease in the field, the Earth will gradually die. However, some magicians believe that during the period of the decline of the magnetic field, the magical abilities of people are steadily growing. Thanks to this, by the time the field is almost completely gone, people will be able to control all the forces of nature, thereby saving life on the planet.
Many more magicians are sure that natural disasters and strong changes in people's lives occur due to the weakening geomagnetic background. The tense political environment, changes in the general mood of mankind and the growing number of cases of the disease they associate with this process.
- The magnetic poles change places about once every 2.5 centuries. North goes to the place of the south, and vice versa. No one knows the reasons for the origin of this phenomenon, and how such movements affect the planet is also unknown.
- Due to the formation of magnetic currents inside the globe, there are earthquakes. Currents cause the movement of tectonic plates, which cause earthquakes with high scores.
- The magnetic field is what causes the northern lights.
- People and animals live under the constant influence of the magnetosphere. In humans, this is usually expressed by the body's reactions to magnetic storms. Animals, under the influence of the electromagnetic flow, find the right path - for example, birds during migration are guided precisely along them. Also, turtles and other animals feel where they are, thanks to this phenomenon.
- Some scientists believe that life on Mars is impossible precisely because of its lack of a magnetic field. This planet is quite suitable for life, but is unable to repel radiation, which destroys in the bud all life that could exist on it.
- Magnetic storms caused by solar flares affect people and electronics. The strength of the Earth's magnetosphere is not strong enough to completely resist flares, so 10-20% of the flare energy is felt on our planet.
- Despite the fact that the phenomenon of reversal of magnetic poles has been little studied, it is known that during the period of change in the configuration of the poles, the Earth is more susceptible to radiation exposure. Some scientists believe that it was during one of these periods that the dinosaurs became extinct.
- The history of the development of the biosphere coincides with the development of the Earth's electromagnetism.
It is important for every person to have at least basic information about the geomagnetic field of the Earth. And for those who practice magic, it is all the more worth paying attention to these data. Perhaps soon practitioners will be able to learn new methods of using these forces in esotericism, thereby increasing their strength and giving the world new important information.